A major object of study by behaviorists was learned behavior and its interaction with inborn qualities of the organism. Watson was a major proponent of shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior, and this approach of observing and controlling behavior came to be known as behaviorism. Because he believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible, Watson preferred to focus directly on observable behavior and try to bring that behavior under control. While Wundt and James were concerned with understanding conscious experience, Watson thought that the study of consciousness was flawed. Watson (1878–1958) was an influential American psychologist whose most famous work occurred during the early 20th century at Johns Hopkins University. Watson is known as the father of behaviorism within psychology. Pavlov’s “classical conditioning” is only one form of learning behavior studied by behaviorists.įigure 1. Once the response to the second stimulus was “learned,” the food stimulus could be omitted. The salivation reflex could be elicited using a second stimulus, such as a specific sound, that was presented in association with the initial food stimulus several times. The reflex Pavlov worked with was salivation in response to the presence of food. Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus. Explain the basic tenets of humanism and Maslow’s contribution to psychologyĮarly work in the field of behavior was conducted by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936).Define behaviorism and the contributions of Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner to psychology.
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